TENSE
Present Tense
Present
Indefinite
This tense shows that
you do the work in present with indefinite schedule of time.
(HABIT/Routine/General Truth)
(Rule: Sub + v1 / v5 + object)
Note: v1=go, v2=went, v3=gone, v4=going, v5=goes
I, we, you,
they, plural=v1
He, she, it, singular=v5
I play cricket. You sing songs.
She likes you very much. They come here daily. .
Negative
You do not help him.
I do not appreciate this.
Interrogative
Do you live in America?
What do you know about this?
Why does she not marry you?
This tense shows that
you are continuously doing the work in present.
(Rule: Sub + is / am / are +
v4 + object)
Note: I=am
You, we,
they, plural=are
He, she, it,
singular=is
You are reading a book.
She is calling you there.
They are coming here today.
Negative
I am not doing this work.
She is not giving him money.
.
We are not expecting any benefits.
Interrogative
Why are you
sending them market?
What is she
doing there?
When are
they reaching office?
Present Perfect
This tense shows that you have done the
work completely.
(Rule: Sub + have / has + v3
+ object)
Note:
I, we,
you, they, plural=have
He, she, it, singular=has
I have bought the book.
India has won the match.
The children have done the work.
Negative
They have not watched the movie.
He has not sung a song.
Her sister has not become a doctor.
I have not reached there.
Interrogative
Have you explained him everything?
Has the lyricist written a song?
Have the laborers not done the work?
What have you seen there?
Present Perfect Continuous
This tense shows that
you have been doing the work for a long period of time.
(Rule: Sub + have been / has been + v4 + object)
Note: Point
of time (Monday, 4 o’clock, 1985) =since
Period of
time (2 days, 1 week, 5 years) = for
I have been teaching for twenty years.
She has been writing a book since Sunday.
We have been talking to him for half an hour.
They have been working on this plan for years.
Negative
They have not been watching movies since afternoon.
She has not been singing a song since morning.
The child has not been improving for past two years.
Interrogative
Has he been looking at you for a while?
Why have you been trying this number for hours?
What have you been expecting from him?
Why has he been behaving so rudely with you?
This tense shows that you did the work.
(Rule: Sub + v2 + object)
He bought the toys.
I gave him money.
They encouraged the people.
Negative
I did not know him.
She did not meet me.
We did not promise him anything.
Interrogative
Did you forgive him?
Did she not like you?
What did you decide for your career?
When did they reach their destination?
How did you recognize him?
This tense shows that you were continuously doing the work in past.
(Rule: Sub + was / were + v4
+ object)
Note:
I, he,
she, it, singular=was
You, we, they, plural=were
The child was drinking milk.
I was working on computer.
Both of them were taking tea.
Negative
She was not taking any decision.
You were not making him angry.
The children were not studying properly.
It was not frightening him.
They were not expecting anything.
Interrogative
Was he drawing on the paper?
Were you not solving the problems?
Who was making him angry?
Why was she not telling anything?
How was your brother preparing for exam?
This tense shows that
you had done the work completely in past.
(Rule: Sub + had + v3 +
object)
She had written the lyric.
The children had reached market.
The teacher had taught French.
Negative
She had not got so much cold before.
They had not submitted their applications.
The government had not been kind to the citizen.
Interrogative
Had you had your dinner?
Had she withdrawn her money?
Why had they left the city?
Why had you been there?
What had they decided by then?
Past Perfect Continuous
This tense shows that
you had been doing the work for a long period of time in past.
(Rule: Sub + had + been + v4
+ object)
We had been talking to him for half an hour.
They had been working on this plan for years.
I had been teaching for ten years.
Negative
We had not been seeing anything unusual here.
The child had not been improving for past two years.
They had not been watching movies since afternoon.
Interrogative
Had he been looking at you for a while?
Had the people been tolerating injustice?
Why had he been behaving so rudely with you?
This tense shows that
you will do the work in future.
(Rule: Sub + will + v1 +
object)
Note: In new English the use
of shall is generally avoided these days.
I will give him money.
He will buy the toys.
They will encourage the people.
We will see there everything.
Negative
She will not meet me.
I will not recognize him.
Interrogative
Will they play a trick?
How will you forgive him?
When will they reach their destination?
What will you get from it?
This tense shows that you will be continuously doing the work in future.
(Rule: Sub + will be + v4 +
object)
The child will be drinking milk.
I will be working on computer.\
It will be raining heavily.
Negative
She will not be taking any decision.
You will not be making him angry.
The children will not be studying properly.
Interrogative
Will you not be solving the problems?
Who will be making him angry?
Why will she be telling anything?
How will your brother be preparing for exam?
Future Perfect
This tense shows that
you will have done the work completely in future.
(Rule: Sub + will have + v3 +
object)
The teacher will have taught French.
I will have informed him everything.
She will have written the lyric.
The children will have reached market.
Negative
She will not have got so much cold before.
They will not have submitted their applications.
The government will not have been kind to the citizen.
I will not have felt so hungry.
It will not have rained for two years.
Interrogative
Will you have had your dinner?
Will she have withdrawn her money?
Why will they have left the city?
Why will you have been there?
This tense shows that
you will have been doing the work for a long period of time in future.
Rule: Sub + will have + been
+ v4 + object
Note: In Future Perfect Continuous tense, with
both point of time and period of time only from
is used.
I will have been teaching them from two hours.
She will have been writing a book from Monday.
We will have been talking to him from half an hour.
They will have been working on this plan for years.
Negative
They will not have been watching movies from afternoon.
She will not have been singing a song from morning.
We will not have been seeing anything unusual here.
I will have been setting targets from tomorrow.
Interrogative
Will the people have been tolerating injustice?
Why will you have been trying this number from hours?
What will you have been expecting from him?
Why will she have been learning so much?
Voice is the form of a verb that shows the relation of a subject
to the action.
Present
Indefinite
The sentence that represents the subject or the doer primarily in the sentence is called Active Voice.
Active Voice: Sub + v1 / v5
+ object
You play cricket.
The sentence that represents the object primarily in the sentence is
called Passive Voice.
Passive Voice: Object + is /
am / are + v3 + by + sub
Cricket is played by you.
The sentence that represents the object primarily in the sentence
without subject is called Bare Passive Voice.
Bare Passive: Object + is /
am / are + v3
Cricket is played here.
Negative
Active: Sub + do / does +
not + v1 + object
I do not teach him.
Passive: Object + is / am / are + not + v3 + by + sub
He is not taught by me.
Bare Passive: Object + is /
am / are + not + v3
He is not taught English.
Interrogative
Active: Do / does + sub + v1
+ object
Does she watch films?
Passive: Is / am / are +
object + v3 + by + sub
Are the films watched by
her?
Bare Passive: Is / am / are
+ object + v3
Are these films watched?
Active: Sub + is / am / are + v4 + object
He is painting the walls.
Passive: Object + is / am / are + being + v3 + by +
sub
The walls are being painted
by him.
Bare Passive: Object + is /
am / are + being + v3
The walls are being painted.
Negative
Active: She is not doing the
work.
Passive: The work is not
being done by her.
Bare Passive: The work is not
being done today.
Interrogative
Active: Are you calling me?
Passive: Am I being called
by you?
Bare Passive: Am I being
called there?
Point to remember
I teach.
I am taught.
I am teaching.
I am being taught.
(It means: I do the work –
Active)
(It means: The work is done on me – Bare Passive)
(It means: I am doing the work – Active)
(It means: The work is being done on me – Bare Passive)
Present
Perfect
Active: Sub + have / has + v3 + object
We have revealed the truth.
Passive: Object + has / have
+ been + v3 + by + sub
The truth has been revealed
by us.
Bare Passive: Object + has /
have + been + v3
The truth has been revealed.
Negative
Active: They have not
cheated him.
Passive: He has not been
cheated by them.
Bare Passive: He has not been
cheated.
Interrogative
Active: Have you understood
the fact?
Passive: Has the fact been
understood by you?
Bare Passive: Has the fact
been understood?
Point to remember
You have given money. (Active Voice)
You have been given money. (Bare Passive Voice)
You have been giving money. (Present Perfect Continuous Tense)
You have to give money. (Modal for compulsion)
Past Indefinite
Active: Sub + v2 + object
He killed the tiger.
Passive: Object + was / were + v3 + by + sub
The tiger was killed by him.
Bare Passive: Object + was / were + v3
The tiger was killed.
Negative
Active: I did not forgive
him.
Passive: He was not forgiven by me.
Bare Passive: He was not
forgiven.
Interrogative
Active: What did you advise
them?
Passive: What were they advised by you?
Bare Passive: What were they advised?
Point to remember
He appreciated the work.
He was appreciated for the
work.
He has been appreciated for the work.
Active: Sub + was / were + v4 + object
He was scolding the
children.
Passive: Object + was / were
+ being + v3 + by + sub
The children were being
scolded by him.
Bare Passive: Object + was /
were + being + v3
The children were being
scolded.
Negative
Active: They were not
encouraging the people.
Passive: The people were not being encouraged by
them.
Bare Passive: The people
were not being encouraged.
Interrogative
Active: Was she not cooking
food?
Passive: Was the food not
being cooked by her?
Bare Passive: Was the food
not being cooked there?
Point to remember
You did not support.
You were not supported.
You were not supporting.
You were not being supported.
Active: Sub + had + v3 + object
They had won the match.
Passive: Object + had + been
+ v3 + by + sub
The match had been won by
them.
Bare Passive: Object + had +
been + v3
The match had been won.
Negative
Active: She had not told
anything.
Passive: Nothing had been
told by her.
Bare Passive: Nothing had
been told yet.
Interrogative
Active: Had you completed
the work?
Passive: Had the work been completed by you?
Bare Passive: Had the work
been completed?
Point to remember
He had punished.
He had been punished.
He had been punishing.
He had to punish.
Active: Sub + will + v1 + object
He will send the children to
school.
Passive: Object +will be +
v3 + by + sub
The children will be sent to
school by him.
Bare Passive: Object + will
be + v3
The children will be sent to
school today.
Negative
Active: They will not accept
defeat.
Passive: The defeat will not
be accepted by them.
Bare Passive: The defeat
will not be accepted.
Interrogative
Active: How will you solve
this problem?
Passive: How will this
problem be solved by you?
Bare Passive: How will this
problem be solved?
Point to remember
You will bless.
You will be blessed.
You will be blessing.
Future Perfect
Active: Sub + will have + v3 + object
He will have played the
trick.
Passive: Object + will have
+ been + v3 + by + sub
The trick will have been
played by him.
Bare Passive: Object + will
have + been + v3
The trick will have been
played by then.
Negative
Active: They will not have
broken the promise.
Passive: The promise will not have been broken by
them.
Bare Passive: The promise
will not have been broken.
Interrogative
Active: Will you have found
the destination?
Passive: Will the
destination have been found by you?
Bare Passive: Will the
destination have been found?
Point to remember
I will inform.
I will be informed.
I will have informed.
I will have been informed.
Can / Could/ Should / Would / May / Might / Must
Active: Sub + modal + v1 +
object
You should do this work.
Passive: Object + modal + be
+ v3 + by + sub
This work should be done by
you.
Bare Passive: Object + modal
+ be + v3
This work should be done
today.
Continuous: Sub + modal + be
+v4 + object
You should be doing this
work.
Negative
Active: He would not teach
German.
Passive: German would not be
taught by him.
Bare Passive: German would
not be taught in the class.
Continuous: He would not be
teaching German.
Interrogative
Active: Why could they not
answer the questions?
Passive: Why could the
questions not be answered by them?
Bare Passive: Why could the
questions not be answered?
Continuous: Why could they
not be answering the questions? (Rare usage)
Have to / Has to / Had to
Active: Sub + modal + v1 +
object
She has to drive this car.
Passive: Object + modal + be
+ v3 + by + sub
This car has to be driven by
her.
Bare Passive: Object + modal
+ be + v3
This car has to be driven.
Continuous: Sub + modal + be
+v4 + object
She has to be driving this
car.
Negative
Active: He had not to inform the
police.
Passive: The police had not
to be informed by him.
Bare Passive: The police had
not to be informed for this matter.
Continuous: He had not to be
informing the police.
Interrogative
Active: What have you to
learn now?
Passive: What has to be
learnt by you now?
Bare Passive: What has to be
learnt now?
Continuous: What have you to
be learning now?
Could have / Should have / Would have / May have / Must have
Active: Sub + modal + v3 +
object
I would have taught him.
Passive: Object + modal +
been + v3 + by + sub
He would have been taught by
me.
Bare Passive: Object + modal
+ been + v3
He would have been taught.
Continuous: Sub + modal +
been +v4 + object
I would have been teaching
him.
Negative
Active: They should not have praised
him.
Passive: He should not have
been praised by them.
Bare Passive: He should not
have been praised.
Continuous: They should not
have been praising him.
Interrogative
Active: Would she have
written poems?
Passive: Would the poems
have been written by her?
Bare Passive: Would these
poems have been written?
Continuous: Would she have
been writing poems?
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